SHOW-CASE 18,19 & 20th C Silver Objects & Antiques

<body> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content0"> <h1 class="firstHeading">Antique Silver</h1> <div id="bodyContent0"> <table class="wikitable" style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; POSITION: relative" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="2" align="right" border="1" id="table5"> <tr> <td>silver, Ag, 47</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Transition metal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal"> transition metals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Group 11 element" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_11_element"> 11</a>, <a title="Period 5 element" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_element"> 5</a>, <a title="D-block" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-block"> d</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>lustrous white metal<br> <a class="image" title href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ag,47.jpg"> <img height="65" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Ag,47.jpg/125px-Ag,47.jpg" width="125" longdesc="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ag%2C47.jpg"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="1 E-25 kg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E-25_kg"> 107.8682</a><a title="List of elements by atomic mass" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_mass">(2)</a>  g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>[<a title="Krypton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Silver (color)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_(color%2529"> silver</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Solid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid"> solid</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10.49  g·cm<sup>−3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>9.320  g·cm<sup>−3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1234.93 <a title="Kelvin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin">K</a><br> (961.78 °<a title="Celsius" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius">C</a>, 1763.2 °<a title="Fahrenheit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit">F</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2435 <a title="Kelvin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin">K</a><br> (2162 °<a title="Celsius" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius">C</a>, 3924 °<a title="Fahrenheit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit">F</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11.28  <a title="Kilojoule per mole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>258  <a title="Kilojoule per mole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(25 °C) 25.350  J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>face-centered cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1<br> (<a title="Amphoteric" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1.93 (Pauling scale)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1st: 731.0 <a title="Kilojoule per mole" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole"> kJ/mol</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2nd: 2070 kJ/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3rd: 3361 kJ/mol</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="1 E-10 m" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E-10_m"> 160</a>  <a title="Picometre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picometre">pm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="1 E-10 m" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E-10_m"> 165</a>  pm</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="1 E-10 m" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E-10_m"> 153</a>  pm</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="1 E-10 m" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E-10_m"> 172</a> pm</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Diamagnetism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism"> diamagnetic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(20 °C) 15.87 n Ω·m</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(300 K) 429  W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(300 K) 174 <a title="Millimeter" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimeter"> mm</a>²/<a title="Second" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second">s</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(25 °C) 18.9  µm·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>(<a title="Room temperature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature">r.t.</a>) 2680  <a title="Metre per second" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_per_second">m·s<sup>−1</sup></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>83  GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30  GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>100  GPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0.37</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>251  MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24.5  MPa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7440-22-4</td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Silver</b> (<a title="International Phonetic Alphabet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA">/ˈsɪlvə(ɹ)/</span>) is a <a title="Chemical element" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"> chemical element</a> with the symbol <b>Ag</b> (<a title="Latin language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language">Latin</a>: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>argentum</i></span>). A soft white lustrous <a title="Transition metal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_metal"> transition metal</a>, it has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of for a metal, and occurs in <a title="Mineral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"> minerals</a> and in free form. This metal is used in <a title="Coin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin">coins</a>, <a title="Jewelry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"> jewelry</a>, <a title="Tableware" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableware"> tableware</a>, <a title="Photography" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"> photography</a>, and in <a title="Mirror" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror"> mirrors</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Notable characteristics</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"> <a class="internal" title="A nugget of silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverUSGOV.jpg"> <img class="thumbimage" height="121" alt="A nugget of silver" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SilverUSGOV.jpg/180px-SilverUSGOV.jpg" width="180" longdesc="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverUSGOV.jpg"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverUSGOV.jpg"> <img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"></a></div> A nugget of silver</div> </div> </div> <p>Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than <a title="Gold" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold">gold</a>) univalent <a title="Coinage metal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage_metal"> coinage metal</a> with a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a high degree of <a title="Polishing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing"> polish</a>. It has the highest <a title="Electrical conductivity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity"> electrical conductivity</a> of all <a title="Metals" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals"> metals</a>, even higher than copper, but its greater cost and tarnishability has prevented it from being widely used in place of copper for electrical purposes, though it was used in the <a title="Electromagnets" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnets"> electromagnets</a> used for enriching <a title="Uranium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"> Uranium</a> during <a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"> World War II</a> (mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper).</p> <p>Pure silver has the highest <a title="Thermal conductivity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, whitest color, the highest optical <a title="Reflectivity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectivity"> reflectivity</a> (although <a title="Aluminium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"> aluminium</a> slightly outdoes it in parts of the visible spectrum, and is a poor reflector of <a title="Ultraviolet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"> ultraviolet</a> light), and the lowest contact resistance of any metal. Silver halides are photosensitive and are remarkable for the effect of light upon them. This metal is stable in pure air and water, but does tarnish when it is exposed to <a title="Ozone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone">ozone</a>, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The most common <a title="Oxidation state" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state"> oxidation state</a> of silver is +1 (for example, silver nitrate, AgNO<sub>3</sub>); a few +2 (for example, <a title="Silver(II) fluoride" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver(II)_fluoride"> silver(II) fluoride</a>; AgF<sub>2</sub>) and +3 compounds (for example, <a class="new" title="Silver(III) persulfate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver%28III%29_persulfate&action=edit"> silver(III) persulfate</a>; Ag<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>) are also known.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Applications of antique silver</span></h2> <p>A major use of silver is as a <a title="Precious metal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal"> precious metal</a>. <a title="Sterling silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_silver"> Sterling silver</a> is 92.5 % silver, alloyed usually with copper. Jewelry and silverware are traditionally made from this. Silver is used in medals, denoting second place. Many high end <a title="Musical instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instruments"> musical instruments</a> are made with silver, which benefit from a higher tone quality.<sup class="noprint">[<a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p>The name of United Kingdom monetary unit 'Pound' originally had the value of one troy pound of sterling silver. Silver has been coined to produce money since <a title="700 BC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/700_BC">700 BC</a> by the <a title="Lydia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"> Lydians</a>, in the form of <a title="Electrum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum"> electrum</a>. Later, silver was refined and coined in its pure form. The words for "silver" and "money" are the same in at least 14 languages.</p> <p>The largest single end use<sup class="noprint">[<a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup> of silver is photography, in the form of <a title="Silver nitrate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate"> silver nitrate</a> and silver <a title="Halogen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen"> halides</a> are widely used in photography — 30 % of US production is used here.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-lanl_0"><a title href="#_note-lanl">[1]</a></sup></p> <p>Some electrical and electronic products use silver for its superior conductivity, even when tarnished. For example, printed circuits are made using silver paints,<sup class="reference" id="_ref-lanl_1"><a title href="#_note-lanl">[1]</a></sup> and computer keyboards use silver electrical contacts. silver cadmium oxide is used in high voltage contacts because it can minimize <a title="Electric arc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"> arcing</a>. Silver is also used to make <a title="Solder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solder"> solder</a> and brazing alloys, <a title="Electrical contact" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact"> electrical contacts</a>, and high capacity silver-<a title="Zinc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc">zinc</a> and silver-cadmium <a title="Battery (electricity)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity%2529"> batteries</a>. Silver in a thin layer of on top of a bearing material can provide a significant increase in galling resistance and reduce wear under heavy load, particularly against steel.</p> <p><a title="Mirror" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror"> Mirrors</a> which need superior reflectivity for visible light are made with silver as the reflecting material in a process called <a title="Silvering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvering"> silvering</a>, though common mirrors are backed with aluminium. Using a process called <a title="Sputtering" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputtering"> sputtering</a>, silver (and sometimes gold) can be applied to glass at various thicknesses, allowing different amounts of light to penetrate. This is most often seen in architectural glass and tinted windows on vehicles.</p> <p>Silver's catalytic properties make it ideal for use as a <a title="Catalyst" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"> catalyst</a> in oxidation reactions; for example, the production of <a title="Formaldehyde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde"> formaldehyde</a> from <a title="Methanol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol"> methanol</a> and air by means of silver screens or <a title="Crystallite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallite"> crystallites</a> containing a minimum 99.95 weight-percent silver. Silver (upon some suitable support) is probably the only catalyst available today to convert <a title="Ethylene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene"> ethylene</a> to <a title="Ethylene oxide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide"> ethylene oxide</a> (later hydrolyzed to <a title="Ethylene glycol" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_glycol"> ethylene glycol</a>, used for making <a title="Polyester" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"> polyesters</a>)—a very important industrial reaction.</p> <p><a title="Oxygen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"> Oxygen</a> dissolves in silver relatively easily compared to other gases present in air. Attempts have been made to construct silver <a title="Artificial membrane" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membrane"> membranes</a> of only a few <a title="Monolayer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolayer"> monolayers</a> thickness. Such a membrane could be used to filter pure oxygen from air.</p> <p><a id="In_medicine" name="In_medicine"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">Antique Silver</span> <span class="mw-headline">In medicine</span></h3> <p> <a title="Hippocrates" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"> Hippocrates</a>, the father of modern medicine, wrote that silver had beneficial healing and anti-disease properties, and the Phoenicians used to store water, wine, and vinegar in silver bottles to prevent spoiling. In the early 1900s people would put <a title="Silver dollar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_dollar"> silver dollars</a> in milk bottles to prolong the milk's freshness. Silver compounds were used successfully to prevent infection in <a title="World War I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"> World War I</a> before the advent of <a title="Antibiotic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"> antibiotics</a>. Silver nitrate solution was a standard of care but was largely replaced by <a title="Silver sulfadiazine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfadiazine"> silver sulfadiazine</a> cream (SSD Cream) which was generally the "standard of care" for the antibacterial/antibiotic treatment of serious burns until the late 1990's. Now, other options such as silver coated dressings (activated silver dressings) are used in addition to SSD cream, and may present advantages such as pain reduction and capacity for treatment at home.</p> <p>The widespread use of silver went out of fashion with the development of modern antibiotics. However, recently there has been renewed interest in silver as a broad spectrum antimicrobial. In particular, it is being used with alginate, a naturally occurring <a title="Biopolymer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer"> biopolymer</a> derived from seaweed, in a range of <a class="new" title="Silver alginate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_alginate&action=edit"> silver alginate</a> products designed to prevent infections as part of <a title="Wound" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound">wound</a> management procedures, particularly applicable to <a title="Burn (injury)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury%2529"> burn</a> victims. In addition, <a title="Samsung" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"> Samsung</a> has introduced washing machines with a final rinse containing silver ions to provide several days of antibacterial protection in the clothes.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"><a title href="#_note-0">[2]</a></sup> Additionally, Kohler has introduced a line of toilets that have silver ions embedded in the porcelain to kill germs.</p> <p>The malleability, non-toxicity and beauty of silver make it useful in <a class="new" title="Dental alloy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dental_alloy&action=edit"> dental alloys</a> for fittings and fillings.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline">Health precautions</span></h4> <p>Silver plays no known natural biological role in humans, and possible health effects of silver are a subject of dispute. Silver itself is not toxic but most <a title="Category:Silver compounds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Silver_compounds"> silver salts</a> are, and some may be <a title="Carcinogenic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenic"> carcinogenic</a>.</p> <p>Silver and compounds containing silver (like <a title="Colloidal silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloidal_silver"> colloidal silver</a>) can be absorbed into the <a title="Circulatory system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system"> circulatory system</a> and become deposited in various body tissues leading to a condition called <a title="Argyria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria"> argyria</a> which results in a blue-grayish pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and <a title="Mucous membrane" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"> mucous membranes</a>. Although this condition does not harm a person's health, it is disfiguring and usually permanent. Argyria is rare and mild forms are sometimes mistaken for <a title="Cyanosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis"> cyanosis</a>.</p> <p>Silver-ions and silver compounds show a toxic effect on some bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi typical for heavy metals like <a title="Lead (element)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(element%2529"> lead</a> or <a title="Mercury (element)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element%2529"> mercury</a>, but without the high toxicity to humans that is normally associated with them. Its germicidal effects kill many microbial organisms <i> <a title="In vitro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"> in vitro</a></i> (i.e. in a <a title="Test tube" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_tube"> test tube</a> or a <a title="Petri dish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_dish"> petri dish</a>). The exact process by which this is done is still not well understood, although different theories exist. One of these is a process generally known for heavy metals called the <a title="Oligodynamic effect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect"> oligodynamic effect</a>, which goes a long way explaining the effect on microbial lifeforms but does not explain certain antiviral functions.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline">Alternative medicine</span></h4> <p>Today, various kinds of silver compounds, or devices to make solutions or <a title="Colloids" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloids"> colloids</a> containing silver, are sold as remedies for a wide variety of diseases. Although mostly harmless, some people using these home-made solutions use far too much and develop argyria over a period of months or years, and several have been documented in the last few years in the medical literature, including one possible case of coma associated with a high intake of silver (see medical references). It is strongly advised to notify a doctor when taking silver as a form of self-medication.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other silver compounds</span></h3> <ul> <li> <a title="Silver sulfide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_sulfide"> Silver sulfide</a>, also known as <a title="Silver Whiskers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Whiskers"> Silver Whiskers</a>, is formed when silver <a title="Electrical contact" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact"> electrical contacts</a> are used in an atmosphere rich in <a title="Hydrogen sulfide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"> hydrogen sulfide</a>. </li> <li> <a title="Silver fulminate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_fulminate"> Silver fulminate</a> is a powerful <a title="Explosive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"> explosive</a>. </li> <li> <a title="Silver chloride" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride"> Silver chloride</a> can be made transparent and is used as a <a title="Cement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"> cement</a> for glass. </li> <li> <a title="Silver chloride" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride"> Silver chloride</a> is a widely used electrode for <a title="PH" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH">pH</a> testing and <a title="Potentiometric" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometric"> potentiometric</a> measurement. </li> <li> <a title="Silver iodide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_iodide"> Silver iodide</a> has been used in attempts to seed <a title="Cloud" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"> clouds</a> to produce rain. </li> <li> <a title="Silver oxide" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide"> Silver oxide</a> is used as a positive electrode (<a title="Cathode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode">cathode</a>) in watch batteries. </li> </ul> <p><a id="History" name="History"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Antique Silver History</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 77px"> <a class="internal" title="Alchemical symbol for silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silver-symbol.png"> <img class="thumbimage" height="131" alt="Alchemical symbol for silver" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver-symbol.png/75px-Silver-symbol.png" width="75" longdesc="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silver-symbol.png"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Silver-symbol.png"> <img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"></a></div> Alchemical symbol for silver</div> </div> </div> <p>Silver (from <a title="Tatar language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language"> Turkic</a> <i>çılbır</i> (chain); through <a title="Anglo-Saxon language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language"> Anglo-Saxon</a> <i>seolfor</i>; compare <a title="Old High German" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"> Old High German</a> <i>silabar</i>; Ag is from the Latin <i> argentum</i>) has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in the <a title="Book of Genesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"> book of Genesis</a>, and slag heaps found in <a title="Asia Minor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"> Asia Minor</a> and on the islands of the <a title="Aegean Sea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"> Aegean Sea</a> indicate that silver was being separated from <a title="Lead" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead">lead</a> as early as the <a title="4th millennium BC" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC"> 4th millennium BC</a>.</p> <p>Silver has been used for thousands of years for <a title="Decoration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration"> ornaments</a> and <a title="Utensil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utensil"> utensils</a>, for <a title="Trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade">trade</a>, and as the basis for <a title="Monetary system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_system"> monetary systems</a>. Its value as a <a title="Precious metal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal"> precious metal</a> was long considered second only to gold. In <a title="Ancient Egypt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"> Ancient Egypt</a> and <a title="Middle Ages" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"> Medieval Europe</a>, it was often more valuable than gold.</p> <p> <a title="Judas Iscariot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"> Judas Iscariot</a> is infamous for having, according to the <a title="New Testament" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"> New Testament</a>, taken a bribe of thirty pieces of silver from religious leaders in <a title="Jerusalem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"> Jerusalem</a> to turn <a title="Jesus Christ" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"> Jesus Christ</a> over to the Romans.</p> <p>Associated with the <a title="Moon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon">moon</a>, as well as with the sea and various lunar <a title="Goddess" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess"> goddesses</a>, the metal was referred to by alchemists by the name <i>luna</i>. One of the <a title="Alchemy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"> alchemical</a> symbols for silver is a crescent moon with the open part on the left (see picture, left).</p> <p>The metal <a title="Mercury (element)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element%2529"> mercury</a> was thought of as a kind of silver, though the two elements are chemically unrelated; its Latin and <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"> English</a> names, <i>hydrargyrum</i> ("watery silver") and <i> quicksilver,</i> respectively, reflect this history.</p> <p>In <a title="Heraldry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"> heraldry</a>, the <a title="Tincture (heraldry)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry%2529"> argent</a>, in addition to being shown as silver (this has been shown at times with real silver in official representations), can also be shown as white. Occasionally, the word "silver" is used rather than argent; sometimes this is done across-the-board, sometimes to avoid repetition of the word "argent" in blazon.</p> <p>Europeans found a huge amount of silver in the <a title="New World" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"> New World</a> in <a title="Zacatecas, Zacatecas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas,_Zacatecas"> Zacatecas</a> and <a title="Potosí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosí"> Potosí</a>, which triggered a period of inflation in Europe. The conquistador <a title="Pizarro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizarro"> Pizarro</a> was said to have resorted to having his horses shod with silver horseshoes due to the metal's abundance, in contrast to the relative lack of iron in <a title="Peru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru">Peru</a>. Silver, which was extremely valuable in <a title="China" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a>, became a global commodity, contributing to the rise of the <a title="Spain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"> Spanish</a> Empire. The rise and fall of its value affected the world market.</p> <p>The <a title="Rio de la Plata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata"> Rio de la Plata</a> was named after silver (in <a title="Spanish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"> Spanish</a>, <i>plata</i>), and in turn lent the meaning of its name to <a title="Argentina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"> Argentina</a>.</p> <p>Silver mining was a driving force in the settlement of western North America, with major booms for silver and associated minerals (primarily lead) in the galena ore silver is most commonly found in. Notable <a title="Silver rush" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_rush"> "silver rushes"</a> were in <a title="Colorado" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"> Colorado</a>, <a title="Nevada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"> Nevada</a>, <a title="Cobalt, Ontario" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt,_Ontario"> Cobalt, Ontario</a> , <a title="California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"> California</a> and the <a title="Kootenays" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenays"> Kootenay</a> region of British Columbia, notably in the <a title="Boundary Country" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Country"> Boundary</a> and <a class="new" title="Slocan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slocan&action=edit"> "Silvery Slocan"</a>. The largest silver ore deposits in the United States were discovered at the <a title="Comstock Lode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock_Lode"> Comstock Lode</a> in Virginia City, Nevada, in 1859. In northern Idaho the world-famous Sunshine Mine, the richest silver mine in American history, has had more than 350 million ounces of production over the past century.At the time of its closure in early 2001, the Sunshine was producing at a rate of over three million ounces of silver per year at an average grade of approximately twenty ounces per ton. The prior operator last estimated the mine reserves at 26.75 million ounces of silver, 10.36 million pounds of copper and 7.05 million pounds of lead (or approximately 28.85 million ounces of silver-equivalent), as well as an additional resource of 159.66 million ounces of silver.</p> <p> <a id="Occurrence_and_extraction" name="Occurrence_and_extraction"> </a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Occurrence and extraction</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"> <a class="internal" title="Silver ore (Lincoln cent is shown for scale)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverOreUSGOV.jpg"> <img class="thumbimage" height="135" alt="Silver ore (Lincoln cent is shown for scale)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SilverOreUSGOV.jpg/180px-SilverOreUSGOV.jpg" width="180" longdesc="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverOreUSGOV.jpg"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SilverOreUSGOV.jpg"> <img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"></a></div> Silver ore (Lincoln cent is shown for scale)</div> </div> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="noprint"> <i>Main article: <a title="Silver mining" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_mining"> Silver mining</a></i></div> </dd> </dl> <p>Silver is found in native form, combined with <a title="Sulfur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"> sulfur</a>, <a title="Arsenic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"> arsenic</a>, <a title="Antimony" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"> antimony</a>, or <a title="Chlorine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine"> chlorine</a> and in various ores such as <a title="Argentite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentite"> argentite</a> (Ag<sub>2</sub>S) and <a title="Horn silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_silver"> horn silver</a> (AgCl). The principal sources of silver are copper, copper-nickel, gold, lead and lead-zinc ores obtained from <a title="Canada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"> Canada</a>, <a title="Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"> Mexico</a> (historically <a title="Batopilas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batopilas"> Batopilas</a>), <a title="Peru" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru">Peru</a>, <a title="Australia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"> Australia</a> and the <a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"> United States</a>.</p> <p>This metal can also produced during the <a title="Electrolysis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis"> electrolytic</a> refining of copper and by application of the <a title="Parkes process" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkes_process"> Parkes process</a> on lead metal obtained from lead ores that contain small amounts of silver. Commercial grade fine silver is at least 99.9% pure silver and purities greater than 99.999% are available. <a title="Mexico" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"> Mexico</a> is the world's largest silver producer. According to the Secretary of Economics of Mexico, it produced 80,120,000 <a title="Troy weight" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_weight"> troy</a> <a title="Ounce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce"> ounces</a> (2492 <a title="Metric ton" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_ton"> metric tons</a>) in 2000, about 15% of the annual production of the world.</p> <p><a id="Price" name="Price"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Price</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 145px"> <a class="internal" title="Johnson Matthey silver bullion bar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg"> <img class="thumbimage" height="107" alt="Johnson Matthey silver bullion bar" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg/143px-Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg" width="143" longdesc="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg"></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Johnson_Matthey_500_grammes_silver_bullion.jpg"> <img height="11" alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15"></a></div> <a title="Johnson Matthey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Matthey"> Johnson Matthey</a> silver bullion bar</div> </div> </div> <dl> <dd> <div class="noprint"> <i>Main articles: <a title="Silver as an investment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment"> Silver as an investment</a> and <a title="Silver standard" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_standard"> Silver standard</a></i></div> </dd> </dl> <p>Silver is currently about 1/50th the price of gold by mass, and approximately 70 times more valuable than <a title="Copper" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"> copper</a>. Silver did once trade at 1/6th to 1/12th the price of gold, prior to the <a title="Age of Discovery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"> Age of Discovery</a> and the discovery of great silver deposits in the Americas, most notably the vast <a title="Comstock Lode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comstock_Lode"> Comstock Lode</a> in <a title="Virginia City" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_City"> Virginia City</a>, <a title="Nevada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"> Nevada</a>, USA. This then resulted in the debate over cheap <a title="Free Silver" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Silver"> Free Silver</a> to benefit the agricultural sector was among the most prolongued and difficult in that country's history and dominated public discourse during the latter decades of the nineteenth century.</p> <p>Over the last 100 years the price of silver and the gold/silver price ratio has fluctuated greatly due to competing industrial and <a title="Store of value" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_of_value"> store of value</a> demands. In 1980 the silver price rose to an all-time high of US$49.45 per <a title="Troy ounce" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_ounce"> troy ounce</a>. By December 2001 the price had fallen to US$4.15 per ounce, and in May 2006 it had risen back as high as US$15.21 per ounce. <a title="As of 2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006"> As of 2006</a>, current silver prices (and most other metal prices) have been rather volatile, for example quickly dropping from the May high of US$15.21 per ounce to a June low of US$9.60 per ounce before rising back above US$12 per ounce by August.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1"><a title href="#_note-1">[3]</a></sup></p> <p><a id="Isotopes" name="Isotopes"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Isotopes</span></h2> <p>Naturally occurring silver is composed of the two stable <a title="Isotope" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"> isotopes</a> <sup>107</sup>Ag and <sup>109</sup>Ag with <sup>107</sup>Ag being the more abundant (51.839% <a title="Natural abundance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_abundance"> natural abundance</a>). Twenty-eight <a title="Radioisotope" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope"> radioisotopes</a> have been characterised with the most stable being <sup>105</sup>Ag with a <a title="Half-life" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"> half-life</a> of 41.29 days, <sup>111</sup>Ag with a half-life of 7.45 days, and <sup>112</sup>Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours.</p> <p>All of the remaining <a title="Radioactive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"> radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lifes that are less than an hour and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 3 minutes. This element has numerous <a title="Meta state" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_state"> meta states</a> with the most stable being <sup>108m</sup>Ag (<i>t</i><sub>*</sub> 418 years), <sup>110m</sup>Ag (<i>t</i><sub>*</sub> 249.79 days) and <sup>106m</sup>Ag (<i>t</i><sub>*</sub> 8.28 days).</p> <p>Isotopes of silver range in <a title="Atomic weight" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weight"> atomic weight</a> from 93.943 <a title="Atomic mass unit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit"> u</a> (<sup>94</sup>Ag) to 123.929 u (<sup>124</sup>Ag). The primary <a title="Decay mode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_mode"> decay mode</a> before the most abundant stable isotope, <sup>107</sup>Ag, is <a title="Electron capture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"> electron capture</a> and the primary mode after is <a title="Beta decay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay"> beta decay</a>. The primary <a title="Decay product" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_product"> decay products</a> before <sup>107</sup>Ag are <a title="Palladium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"> palladium</a> (element 46) isotopes and the primary products after are <a title="Cadmium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"> cadmium</a> (element 48) isotopes.</p> <p>The palladium <a title="Isotope" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope"> isotope</a> <sup>107</sup>Pd decays by beta emission to <sup>107</sup>Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years. <a title="Iron" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron">Iron</a> <a title="Meteorite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite"> meteorites</a> are the only objects with a high enough palladium/silver ratio to yield measurable variations in <sup> 107</sup>Ag abundance. <a title="Radiogenic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiogenic"> Radiogenic</a> <sup>107</sup>Ag was first discovered in the <a title="Santa Clara, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"> Santa Clara</a> meteorite in <a title="1978" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978">1978</a>.</p> <p>The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small <a title="Planet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"> planets</a> may have occurred 10 million years after a <a title="Nucleosynthetic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthetic"> nucleosynthetic</a> event. <sup>107</sup>Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since the <a title="Accretion (science)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(science%2529"> accretion</a> of the <a title="Solar system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_system"> solar system</a>, must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early solar system.</p> <p> <a id="Folklore_and_Mass_Culture" name="Folklore_and_Mass_Culture"> </a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">Antique Silver</span> <span class="mw-headline">Folklore and Mass Culture</span></h2> <p>Because of the mysticism surrounding silver's <a title="Lunar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar">lunar</a> associations, as well as the aesthetic qualities of the white, reflective metal that cause it to be associated with purity, silver in European <a title="Folklore" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"> Folklore</a> has long been traditionally believed to be an antidote to various maladies and fictional <a title="Monsters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters"> monsters</a>. Notably, silver was believed to be a repellant against <a title="Vampire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire"> vampires</a> (this primarily originates from its holy connotations; also, mirrors were originally polished silver, and as such, vampires allegedly cannot be seen in them because they are wicked) and it was believed that a <a title="Werewolf" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"> werewolf</a>, in his bestial form, could only be killed by a weapon or bullet made of silver, and was equally effective against vampires, as described in Eastern European folklore. This has given rise to the term "<a title="Silver bullet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_bullet">silver bullet</a>," which is used to describe things that very effectively deal with one specific problem.</p> <p>The <a title="Lone Ranger" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Ranger"> Lone Ranger</a> of radio serials, comic strips, and some TV programs leaves a silver bullet as a calling card.</p> <p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <p>Een combinatie van antiek- zilver- modern. Omdat antiek mensen al vele eeuwen boeit, niet alleen vroeger maar ook in onze moderne tijd. Want wat dient in deze 21e eeuw nog steeds als verzamelobject, gebruiksvoorwerp, investering en zeker ook als decoratieobject. Antiek-zilver! Ruim 2000 artikelen ! iedere dag nieuwe toevoegingen : oud & antiek tafelzilver, serviezen, kandelaars, broodmanden en collectors items. </p> <div> <div> <div id="content"> <h1>Antiek Zilver<br>  </h1> <div id="bodyContent">  <table class="toccolours" style="font-size: 90%; float: right; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; background: #eee" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="1" rules="all" border="1" id="table1"> <tr> <td>Zilver</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ag</td> </tr> <tr> <td>47</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Kopergroep" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopergroep"> Kopergroep</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Periode 5 element" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_5_element"> Periode 5</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="D-blok" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-blok"> D blok</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Overgangsmetaal" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgangsmetaal"> Overgangsmetalen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Zilverwit</td> </tr> <tr> <td>107,87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[<a title="Krypton" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton">Kr</a>]4d<sup>10</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,93</td> </tr> <tr> <td>144</td> </tr> <tr> <td>731,01</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2073,48</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3360,61</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10500</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1235</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2428</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vast</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11,30</td> </tr> <tr> <td>250,58</td> </tr> <tr> <td>172</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a title="Kubisch vlakgecentreerd" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubisch_vlakgecentreerd"> k.v.g.</a> (bij kamertemp.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2600</td> </tr> <tr> <td>235</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1,59</td> </tr> <tr> <td>429</td> </tr> </table> <div class="floatright"> <a class="image" title="reliekschrijn in zilver" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Nepo_reliek.jpg"> <img height="454" alt="reliekschrijn in zilver" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/nl/thumb/9/96/Nepo_reliek.jpg/275px-Nepo_reliek.jpg" width="275" longdesc="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Nepo_reliek.jpg"></a></div> <p><b>Zilver</b> is een <a title="Scheikundig element" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikundig_element"> scheikundig element</a> met symbool Ag en <a title="Atoomnummer" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoomnummer"> atoomnummer</a> 47. Het is een zilverkleurig <a title="Overgangsmetaal" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgangsmetaal"> overgangsmetaal</a>.</p> <table class="toc" id="table4" summary="Inhoud"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Inhoud</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">verbergen</a>]</span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Ontdekking"> <span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ontdekking</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Toepassingen"> <span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Toepassingen</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <a href="#Opmerkelijke_eigenschappen"> <span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Opmerkelijke eigenschappen</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Temperaturen"> <span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Temperaturen</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Verschijning"> <span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Verschijning</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Isotopen"> <span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Isotopen</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <a href="#Toxicologie_en_veiligheid"> <span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicologie en veiligheid</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Externe_links"> <span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Externe links</span></a> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Ontdekking</span></h2> <p>Zilver wordt al sinds het begin van onze <a title="Jaartelling" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartelling"> jaartelling</a> gebruikt voor versiersels en betaalmiddelen. Uit opgravingen blijkt dat al <a title="4000-3500 v. Chr." href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4000-3500_v._Chr."> 4000-3500 v. Chr.</a> zilver werd gescheiden van <a title="Lood (element)" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lood_(element%2529"> lood</a> op eilanden in de <a title="Egeïsche Zee" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egeïsche_Zee"> Egeïsche Zee</a> en <a title="Anatolië" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolië"> Anatolië</a>.</p> <p>Vaak werd zilver geassocieërd met de <a title="Maan" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maan">maan</a>, de <a title="Zee" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee">zee</a> en verschillende <a title="God" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/God">goden</a>. In de <a title="Alchemie" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemie"> alchemie</a> werd voor zilver het symbool van een halve maan gebruikt en alchemisten noemden het <i>Luna</i>. Van het metaal <a title="Kwik" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik">kwik</a> werd gedacht dat het een soort zilver was. In sommige talen blijkt dat nog uit de naam die kwik heeft zoals <i>quicksilver</i> in het <a title="Engels" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engels"> Engels</a> of kwikzilver (= levend zilver) in wat ouder Nederlands. Veel later bleek het om twee volstrekt verschillende elementen te gaan.</p> <p>De naam <i>zilver</i> is afkomstig van het Angelsaksische <i> seolfor siolfur</i>. In het <a title="Latijn" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latijn"> Latijn</a> heet zilver <i>argentum</i>, waar zilver het symbool <i>Ag</i> aan dankt.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Toepassingen</span></h2> <p>Tegenwoordig wordt zilver vooral als <a title="Zilverhalogenide" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilverhalogenide"> zilverhalogeniden</a> in de <a title="Fotografie" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie"> fotografie</a> gebruikt. Andere toepassingen van zilver zijn:</p> <ul> <li>de goede elektrische geleiding van zilver maakt het een zeer geschikt materiaal in elektrische en elektronische producten. In circuits wordt zilver (of zilver<a title="Legering" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legering">legeringen</a>) gebruikt om componenten met elkaar te verbinden. </li> <li>Voor <a title="Spiegel (optica)" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_(optica%2529"> spiegels</a> van zeer hoge kwaliteit is zilver geschikt omdat het over goede licht reflecterende eigenschappen bezit. Maar meestal wordt hiervoor <a title="Aluminium" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"> aluminium</a> gebruikt omdat het veel goedkoper is. </li> <li>In sommige landen bevat <a title="Muntgeld" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntgeld"> muntgeld</a> nog zilver, maar hiervoor worden steeds vaker andere metalen gebruikt. Er zijn minstens 14 <a title="Taal" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal"> talen</a> waarin voor <i>zilver</i> en <i>geld</i> hetzelfde woord wordt gebruikt. </li> <li>De glans van zilver maakt het een gewild metaal voor sieraden. Meestal wordt hiervoor <i>Sterling zilver</i> gebruikt dat een legering is van 92,5% zilver en 7,5% andere metalen zoals <a title="Koper (element)" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper_(element%2529"> koper</a>. </li> <li>In de <a title="Tandheelkunde" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandheelkunde"> tandheelkunde</a> wordt zilver gebruikt omdat het relatief makkelijk in de juiste vorm te maken is en niet <a title="Vergif" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergif"> giftig</a> is. </li> <li>Vanwege de desinfecterende eigenschappen wordt zilver tegenwoordig ook weer gebruikt voor het zuiveren of zuiver houden van drinkwater. Speciaal voor kleine hoeveelheden water (100 liter - 10 m3) is zilver eenvoudiger te doseren en toe te passen dan chloor. </li> <li>Als <a title="Katalysator" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalysator"> katalysator</a> wordt zilver in de industrie gebruikt voor bijvoorbeeld de productie van <a title="Formaldehyde" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde"> formaldehyde</a> en <a title="Etheenoxide" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etheenoxide"> etheenoxide</a> </li> </ul> <p>Een zeer opmerkelijke toepassing van zilver is als zilverjodide dat fijn verneveld wordt gebruikt om <a title="Mist" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mist">mist</a> te reduceren rondom <a title="Vliegveld" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vliegveld"> vliegvelden</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Opmerkelijke eigenschappen</span></h2> <p>Zilver is een eenvoudig te bewerken metaal dat iets harder is dan <a title="Goud" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goud"> goud</a> en beschikt over een zilverwitte glans. Van alle metalen heeft zilver de beste elektrische geleidbaarheid, zelfs beter dan koper. Toch wordt in elektrische schakelingen meestal koper gebruikt omdat dat minder kostbaar is. Daarnaast geleidt zilver van alle metalen warmte het best en heeft het de hoogste optische reflectie (tenminste als het zichtbaar licht betreft; <a title="Ultraviolet" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"> ultraviolet</a> licht reflecteert het slecht). <a title="Zilverhalogenide" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilverhalogenide"> Zilverhalogeniden</a> zijn gevoelig voor licht.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Temperaturen</span></h2> <p>Het <a title="Smeltpunt" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltpunt"> smeltpunt</a> van zilver is 961.78 °C ofwel 1763.2 °F. <a title="Kookpunt" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookpunt"> Kookpunt</a> van zilver is 2162 °C ofwel 3924 °F.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Verschijning</span></h2> <p>In de natuur komt zilver zowel ongebonden als in combinatie met <a title="Zwavel" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwavel"> zwavel</a>, <a title="Arsenicum" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenicum"> arsenicum</a>, <a title="Chloor" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloor"> chloor</a> en andere elementen voor. De belangrijkste bronnen zijn te vinden in <a title="Mexico (land)" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_(land%2529"> Mexico</a>, <a title="Canada" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"> Canada</a>, <a title="Peru" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru">Peru</a> en de <a title="Verenigde Staten" href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenigde_Staten"> Verenigde Staten</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> </body>